O Brasil poderá viver uma nova fase crítica de escassez hídrica caso o regime de chuvas não regularize em setembro e outubro, avisou o secretário de Recursos Hídricos e Ambiente Urbano do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Ney Maranhão.
“Se não chover como o previsto vamos entrar numa estiagem e voltar à situação anterior. Um ano não basta para resolver a crise. O quadro de 2014 foi tão dramático que a plena recuperação dos reservatórios levará três anos”, admitiu à Lusa o geólogo especialista em recursos hídricos.
Um levantamento feito pelo diário O Globo indicou que um quinto da população brasileira já está a sofrer os efeitos da seca desde o início de ano em todo o país. Cerca de 45 milhões de pessoas vivem em regiões em que os níveis dos reservatórios estão abaixo do normal e a quantidade de chuvas é menor que a média histórica.
A falta de água já está a gerar aumento do preço de alimentos, drástica redução do abastecimento de água em residências e, caso a crise se prolongue, poderá afetar a produção industrial e ainda aumentar o desemprego, devido a uma possível queda da produtividade.
Desde o início de janeiro, 17% dos municípios está em “situação de desastre” – estágios de emergência e calamidade pública.
Segundo o Ministério da Integração Nacional, o nordeste do país lidera a lista de municípios afetados pela estiagem, com 843 cidades.
Há estados como o Ceará, a Paraíba e o Rio Grande do Norte que estão com 90% dos seus municípios em situação de desastre e precisam receber assistência de caminhões de água.
Ney Maranhão confirmou que o cenário continua dramático, pois este é o quarto ano consecutivo que o nordeste resiste e o segundo ano que o sudeste sofre com a falta de água.
“Alguns estados ainda passarão por situações muito graves. O que ocorreu em São Paulo, a maior cidade do país, foi uma seca que não se verificava há 84 anos. Os reservatórios estão abaixo de 20%, ainda parte do volume morto”, analisou.
Maranhão não descarta o uso de tecnologias de dessalinização da água do mar, como adotado em Israel, ou ainda investir em um super tratamento de água com radiação ultravioleta, já usado na Alemanha.
Dessalinizar ainda custa caro, a cada mil litros se gasta um dólar para transformar em água doce.
“Precisamos ter todas estas tecnologias. Desde dessalinização como um tratamento de água com osmose reversa e radiação ultravioleta. Sair de uma crise como essa leva tempo e construir infraestruturas necessita quatro anos”, ressaltou.
O governo federal está a investir 1.500 milhões de reais (460 milhões de euros) para construir infraestruturas de adutora e interligação de reservatórios.
O alto consumo ‘per capita’ de água aliado ao desperdício que, em algumas cidades alcança a 60% da água tratada, além da degradação das áreas verdes fazem com que a falta de chuvas aumente ainda mais a crise de abastecimento.
“A estiagem é um gatilho que disparou a crise gerada por uma soma de fatores”, destacou Maranhão ao referir o crescimento demográfico não ter sido acompanhado dos necessários investimentos.
O brasileiro consome, em média, 185 litros por dia nas grandes cidades, enquanto o recomendado pelas Nações Unidas é o consumo diário de 100 litros ‘per capita’. Maranhão defende a necessidade de o brasileiro reduzir para uma média de 120 litros.
“Se a população consumisse menos água, a crise seria muito menor. É uma mudança de hábitos e de atitudes. Acabou a fantasia da abundância”, sustentou.
De acordo com o secretário do Ministério do Meio Ambiente, a desflorestação das bacias hidrográficas reduziu ainda mais a capacidade de gerar água, pois muitas nascentes não foram preservadas.
Representantes de nove países estiveram reunidos nesta quinta e sexta-feira, dias 23 e 24 de abril, em um seminário em São Paulo para apresentar experiências na gestão de recursos hídricos escassos.
Países como Espanha, Austrália, Estados Unidos, China, Japão, Israel, Singapura, Uruguai e México mostraram soluções e tecnologias para amenizar a insuficiência de água em situações de crise.
“O que está a acontecer no Brasil já ocorreu em grandes cidades no mundo como Nova Iorque, Londres e Barcelona”, disse Maranhão.
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